Lashing Chain: The Complete Guide to Securing Cargo on Ships and Containers

In the world of maritime transport and cargo operations, the safety and security of cargo is absolutely critical. Improper cargo securing can result in shifting loads, equipment damage, and potentially catastrophic consequences at sea. The lashing chain is one of the most important pieces of equipment in maritime operations, serving as the primary means of securing cargo on ships, containers, and RoRo vessels.

This comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about lashing chains, from understanding their specifications to selecting the right chain for your specific cargo securing needs.

Introduction to Lashing Chains

A lashing chain is a robust and durable piece of equipment specifically designed to secure cargo, equipment, and various objects on the deck of ships or other maritime facilities. These chains are manufactured from high-strength steel, often galvanized or coated with corrosion-resistant materials to ensure they can withstand harsh weather conditions and the corrosive marine environment.

What Makes Lashing Chains Different?

Lashing chains differ from standard industrial chains in several critical ways:

Maritime-Grade Construction: Lashing chains are engineered specifically for maritime environments, with materials and designs that can withstand saltwater exposure, extreme weather, and continuous stress from cargo movement.

DNV GL Certification: Most professional lashing chains are DNV GL certified, meaning they meet strict international maritime standards and are approved for use on certified ships worldwide.

Robust Terminal Configurations: Lashing chains feature robust hooks, shackles, and other attachment points designed for quick and secure connection to cargo and ship structures.

Corrosion Resistance: Galvanized or powder-coated surfaces protect the chain from rust and corrosion, extending service life in harsh marine environments.

Precise Strength Specifications: Every lashing chain has clearly defined working load limits and breaking strengths, ensuring operators know exactly how much load the chain can safely handle.

Understanding Lashing Chain Specifications

To select and use lashing chains effectively, it's essential to understand their technical specifications.

Chain Diameter and Size

Lashing chains are available in three standard maritime diameters:

9mm Diameter: Suitable for light to medium cargo securing, with a working load limit of 5 tonnes (50 kN) and breaking strength of 10 tonnes (100 kN). This size is commonly used for general cargo and lighter containers.

11mm Diameter: Ideal for medium to heavy cargo, offering a working load limit of 7.5 tonnes (75 kN) and breaking strength of 15 tonnes (150 kN). This is a popular choice for standard container operations.

13mm Diameter: Designed for heavy cargo securing, with a working load limit of 10 tonnes (100 kN) and breaking strength of 20 tonnes (200 kN). This size is used for the most demanding cargo securing applications.

Working Load Limit vs. Breaking Strength

Two critical measurements define lashing chain strength:

Working Load Limit (WLL): This is the maximum safe load the chain can handle under normal operating conditions. The WLL is typically half of the breaking strength and represents the load limit you should never exceed during normal operations.

Breaking Strength: This is the maximum force required to break the chain completely. While this number is important for understanding chain durability, you should never intentionally load a chain to its breaking strength.

Available Lengths

Lashing chains are available in standard lengths from 3 meters to 10 meters, with the most common lengths being 6 and 8 meters. Variable length adjustment is possible when using the chain with a tension lever, allowing operators to secure cargo of different sizes with a single chain.

Weight Considerations

Chain weight is important for installation and handling:

9mm chains: 0.32 kg per meter

11mm chains: 0.48 kg per meter

13mm chains: 0.71 kg per meter

Understanding chain weight helps in calculating total load and ensuring proper handling during installation.

Terminal Configurations and Attachment Options

Lashing chains come in various terminal configurations, each designed for specific applications:

Standard Terminal Types

LC-00 (No Terminals): Plain chain without any terminals, used when custom attachment points are needed or for specialized applications.

LC-01 (One Hook): Chain with a single hook on one end, useful for applications where only one attachment point is needed.

LC-11 (Two Hooks): The most common configuration, featuring hooks on both ends for easy attachment to cargo and ship structures. This is the standard for most maritime cargo securing.

LC-12 (Hook and Elephant Foot): Combines a hook on one end with an elephant foot (a flat, wide attachment point) on the other, offering versatility for different securing scenarios.

LC-13 (Hook and Securing Pad): Features a hook and a specialized securing pad for applications requiring a broader contact area.

LC-14 (Hook and Shackle): Combines a hook with a shackle, providing flexibility for connecting to various attachment points.

LC-112 (Welded Hook and Elephant Foot): Features permanently welded attachment points for maximum strength and durability in demanding applications.

LC-44 (Two Shackles): Plain chain with shackles on both ends, useful for connecting to multiple attachment points or for use with tension levers.

Custom Configurations

Beyond standard configurations, custom terminal arrangements are available to meet specific operational requirements. These might include specialized hooks, reinforced attachment points, or unique combinations designed for particular cargo types or vessel configurations.

DNV GL Certification and Maritime Standards

One of the most important aspects of professional lashing chains is DNV GL certification. DNV GL is a globally recognized classification society that has been certifying maritime equipment since 1864.

What DNV GL Certification Means

DNV GL certification indicates that the lashing chain has been tested and verified to meet strict international maritime standards. This certification is required for use on DNV GL classified ships and is recognized worldwide as a mark of quality and reliability.

Testing and Verification

To achieve DNV GL certification, lashing chains undergo rigorous testing including:

Tensile strength testing to verify breaking strength specifications

Proof loading to ensure the chain can handle specified loads

Corrosion resistance testing to verify durability in marine environments

Dimensional verification to ensure precise manufacturing

Regulatory Compliance

DNV GL certified lashing chains comply with:

International Maritime Organization (IMO) standards

International Standards Organization (ISO) specifications

National maritime regulations of various countries

Container Lashing Manual (CLM) requirements

Selecting the Right Lashing Chain for Your Needs

Choosing the correct lashing chain for your specific application is critical for safety and operational efficiency.

Step 1: Calculate Your Load Requirements

Begin by determining the total weight of cargo you need to secure. This includes:

The weight of the cargo itself

Any packaging or containers

Additional equipment or fixtures

Dynamic loads from acceleration, braking, and vessel movement

Step 2: Apply Safety Factors

Never use a lashing chain at its working load limit. Instead, apply a safety factor:

Minimum Safety Factor: 2:1 (use a chain with WLL at least twice your calculated load)

Recommended Safety Factor: 3:1 to 4:1 (use a chain with WLL three to four times your calculated load)

Extreme Conditions: 5:1 or higher for rough seas or uncertain conditions

For example, if your cargo weighs 3 tonnes, you should select a chain with a WLL of at least 6 tonnes (2:1 safety factor) or preferably 9-12 tonnes (3:1 to 4:1 safety factor).

Step 3: Consider Environmental Factors

Evaluate the conditions your lashing chain will encounter:

Weather Conditions: Rough seas, high winds, and extreme temperatures affect chain performance. More severe conditions warrant heavier chains with greater safety margins.

Cargo Type: Different cargo types (containers, vehicles, equipment) may require specific terminal configurations or attachment methods.

Voyage Duration: Longer voyages expose chains to more stress and environmental factors, potentially warranting heavier chains or more frequent inspection.

Vessel Type: Different vessel types (container ships, RoRo vessels, general cargo ships) have different securing requirements and attachment point configurations.

Step 4: Verify Certification Requirements

Ensure your selected lashing chain meets all applicable regulations:

DNV GL certification for use on certified vessels

Compliance with IMO standards

Adherence to national maritime regulations

Compatibility with your vessel's securing systems

Step 5: Consider Maintenance Requirements

Different lashing chains have different maintenance demands:

Galvanized chains require less frequent maintenance than uncoated chains

Powder-coated chains may need periodic touch-ups

All chains benefit from regular cleaning and inspection

Installation and Securing Procedures

Proper installation and securing techniques are essential for effective cargo lashing.

Pre-Installation Inspection

Before installing a lashing chain, conduct a thorough inspection:

Visual Inspection: Check for any visible damage, cracks, corrosion, or deformation

Certification Verification: Confirm DNV GL certification and verify the chain meets your load requirements

Terminal Inspection: Ensure hooks, shackles, and other terminals are intact and properly formed

Length Verification: Confirm the chain length is appropriate for your cargo

Installation Process

Follow these steps for proper installation:

Prepare Attachment Points: Identify and verify all cargo and ship attachment points are secure and rated for the load

Position Chain: Carefully position the chain to secure the cargo, ensuring it doesn't cross sharp edges or corners

Attach Terminals: Securely attach chain terminals to cargo and ship structures using appropriate methods

Apply Tension: Use a tension lever to apply proper tension to the chain, ensuring the cargo cannot shift

Verify Security: Confirm the cargo is completely secure and cannot move under any circumstances

Document: Record the securing method, chain size, and tension applied

Tension Application

Proper tension is critical for effective cargo securing:

Insufficient Tension: If the chain is too loose, cargo can shift, potentially causing damage or dangerous situations.

Excessive Tension: If the chain is too tight, it can damage the chain, cargo, or attachment points.

Optimal Tension: The chain should be tight enough to prevent any cargo movement, but not so tight as to cause damage. Most securing guidelines recommend tension that prevents visible slack without excessive force.

Maintenance and Care for Lashing Chains

Regular maintenance extends lashing chain life and ensures reliable performance.

Daily Maintenance

Before each use, perform these checks:

Visual inspection for damage, corrosion, or deformation

Verification of hook and terminal integrity

Checking for any signs of wear or previous damage

Ensuring all attachment points are secure

Weekly Maintenance

Conduct these maintenance tasks weekly:

Clean chains to remove salt, debris, and corrosion

Inspect for early signs of rust or corrosion development

Check attachment points for any loosening or damage

Verify proper storage conditions

Monthly Maintenance

Perform detailed maintenance monthly:

Detailed inspection of all links for wear or damage

Measurement of any elongation (should be minimal)

Application of protective coating if corrosion is developing

Replacement of any damaged components

Quarterly Professional Inspection

Have a professional inspect your chains quarterly:

             Comprehensive chain condition assessment

Measurement of corrosion depth and extent

Evaluation of remaining service life

Recommendation for replacement if necessary

Documentation of inspection results

Protective Measures

Galvanized Chains: Require minimal maintenance but benefit from occasional cleaning

Powder-Coated Chains: May need periodic touch-ups to maintain corrosion protection

Storage: Store chains in dry locations when not in use

Protective Coating: Apply marine-grade protective coating annually

Common Lashing Chain Issues and Solutions

Problem: Corrosion Development

Symptoms: Visible rust or discoloration on chain surface

Causes: Exposure to saltwater and moisture, inadequate protective coating

Solutions:

Clean chain regularly to remove salt and debris

Apply protective coating annually

Store in dry location when not in use

Consider upgrading to powder-coated chains for better protection

Problem: Elongation or Stretching

Symptoms: Chain appears longer, requires more tension to secure cargo

Causes: Overloading, excessive tension, material fatigue

Solutions:

Verify load calculations and reduce loads if necessary

Ensure proper tension application

Replace chain if elongation exceeds acceptable limits

Use heavier chains for demanding applications

Problem: Hook or Terminal Damage

Symptoms: Bent, cracked, or deformed hooks or terminals

Causes: Impact damage, overloading, improper attachment

Solutions:

Inspect attachment points before use

Replace damaged terminals immediately

Use protective padding around sharp edges

Apply proper tension to avoid excessive stress

Problem: Attachment Point Failure

Symptoms: Chain slipping or detaching from cargo or ship

Causes: Inadequate attachment, worn attachment points, improper securing method

Solutions:

Verify attachment points are rated for the load

Use appropriate securing methods for your cargo type

Inspect attachment points regularly

Replace worn or damaged attachment points

Real-World Applications and Best Practices

Container Ship Operations

Container ships use lashing chains extensively to secure containers on deck. Typical operations involve:

Using 13mm chains with 10-tonne WLL for standard containers

Applying multiple chains per container for redundancy

Following Container Lashing Manual (CLM) guidelines

Conducting pre-voyage inspections of all securing equipment

RoRo Vehicle Transport

RoRo (Roll-on/Roll-off) vessels use lashing chains to secure vehicles during transport:

Using 11mm or 13mm chains depending on vehicle weight

Quick attachment and release for efficient loading/unloading

Multiple chains per vehicle for safety

Regular inspection of attachment points on vehicles

Heavy Equipment Transport

Specialized vessels transport heavy industrial equipment using lashing chains:

Using 13mm chains with maximum safety factors

Custom attachment points for specific equipment

Detailed securing plans for each cargo

Professional securing teams for complex operations

Cost Analysis and ROI

Initial Investment

Quality lashing chains represent an upfront investment, but this investment pays dividends through:

Extended Service Life: 5-7 years with proper maintenance vs. 2-3 years for lower-quality chains

Reduced Downtime: Reliable chains minimize unexpected failures

Safety Compliance: Reduces liability and insurance costs

Operational Efficiency: Improves securing speed and cargo throughput

Long-Term Cost Savings

Over a 5-year period, investing in quality lashing chains typically results in:

30-40% reduction in replacement costs

50-60% reduction in maintenance expenses

25-35% improvement in operational uptime

Significant reduction in safety incidents and associated costs

Conclusion and Recommendations

The lashing chain is a critical component of maritime cargo operations, and selecting and maintaining quality chains is essential for safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness.

Key Takeaways

Choose Certified Chains: Always use DNV GL certified lashing chains for maritime operations

Apply Proper Safety Factors: Never exceed the working load limit; use 2:1 minimum safety factor

Maintain Regularly: Implement a comprehensive maintenance schedule to extend chain life

Inspect Thoroughly: Conduct regular inspections to identify issues early

Invest in Quality: Premium lashing chains provide superior ROI through extended service life and reduced downtime

Next Steps

If you're currently using lower-quality chains or experiencing frequent failures, consider upgrading to professional-grade DNV GL certified lashing chains. The investment will pay for itself through improved safety, reduced downtime, and lower long-term costs.

Ready to upgrade your cargo securing equipment? Contact our team today for a free consultation on selecting the right lashing chains for your specific maritime operations. Our experts can help you calculate load requirements, select appropriate sizes and configurations, and develop a maintenance plan that maximizes chain performance and longevity.